A solid grasp of mathematics is crucial for understanding fluids and heat transfer. Key areas include calculus (differentiation and integration) for analyzing rates of change and flow, partial differential equations for describing fluid motion and heat conduction, and linear algebra for solving systems of equations in fluid networks and thermal systems. Vector calculus is essential for understanding fluid flow fields and fluxes, while complex analysis can aid in solving certain heat and flow problems. Additionally, knowledge of dimensionless numbers and scaling analysis helps in simplifying and interpreting real-world fluid and thermal phenomena efficiently.